The cell wall provides structural support and protection, while the capsule, found in some bacteria, plays a crucial role in resisting host immune attacks, adaptation to new niches and pathogenesis.

This capsule contains the viral payload. And for successful infection, it has to ultimately open up and release the viral genetic information into the host cell. In their work, the groups of ...

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Xu and his team used extracellular vesicles to target DR5 because these nano-sized capsules—about a million times smaller than a T cell—are naturally produced and secreted by virtually all cells.

and he observed that these bacteria had the smooth capsules characteristic of the S strain. Based on these observations, Griffith hypothesized that a chemical component from the virulent S cells ...