The radiation dose for a CT fluoroscopy is about half that for conventional fluoroscopy to guide epidural steroid injections, however, the dose is substantially more than conventional fluoroscopy when ...

In the 2015 Physician Fee Schedule Final Rule of the Federal Register, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) bundled fluoroscopic guidance into epidural injections and stated that ...

X‐ray fluoroscopy is a pivotal imaging technique that provides real-time visualisation of internal body structures during minimally invasive procedures. Its ability to dynamically display moving ...