Indirect laryngoscopy has been used since the 1800s for visualizing the pharynx and larynx. In this technique, the head light source illuminates the mirror, which in turn illuminates the ...

Visualization of the larynx and pharynx is an essential part of a complete head and neck examination. Although the location of these structures often precludes direct visualization, simple techniques ...

I enjoyed the CMAJ article by Trottier and colleagues,1 and wish to suggest a possible addition to the initial management of hoarseness algorithm in Figure 3. Many primary care and emergency ...

2. Procedures designated as “direct” indicate the procedure is done using an endoscope. 3. Procedures designated as “indirect” indicate the procedure is done with a mirror, as opposed to using the ...