There are only a handful of scanning techniques that can provide surface topography at nanometre resolution. At the same time, there are no methods that are capable of non-invasive imaging of the ...

Diffraction is a classic optical phenomenon accounting for the light propagation. The efficient calculation of diffraction is of significant value towards the real-time prediction of light fields. The ...

Fluorescence microscopy techniques are powerful tools for probing very small signals and revealing three-dimensional (3D) structural and functional properties of biological samples with high ...

XRD works by directing X-rays onto a crystalline material and analyzing the angles and intensities of the diffracted beams. The atomic planes within the crystal act as a three-dimensional grating, ...

Particle size analysis is crucial to quality control and product development in a number of key industries including aerosols, construction, food and beverage, paint and coatings, and pharmaceuticals.