The mucosal route plays an important role in nanoscale delivery. The nanoscale systems have to penetrate or diffuse through the mucosal membrane to reach the epithelium as depicted in Figure 3A & B.

Current COVID-19 vaccines offer great protection from serious illness, but they don’t prevent people from becoming infected in the first place. Because of this, researchers have been searching for ...

In a recent study published in Immunology & Cell Biology, scientists examine the protective efficacy of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine-induced mucosal antibodies against severe acute ...

A novel vaccine platform has been developed to induce broad, protective immunity against numerous influenza virus infections, showing promise as an effective mucosal vaccine strategy, according to a ...

In a Cell study, an experimental intranasal vaccine created by scientists at the Washington University School of Medicine has shown to bring about an immune response in the mucosa which prevents COVID ...

The Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna mRNA vaccines have played a large role in preventing deaths and severe infections from COVID-19. But researchers are still in the process of developing alternative ...

A novel vaccine platform has been developed to induce broad, protective immunity against numerous influenza virus infections, showing promise as an effective mucosal vaccine strategy, according to a ...

Gastrointestinal mucus generally exists as two layers, a basal 'unstirred' or 'firmly adherent' layer and a luminal 'stirred' or 'sloppy' layer [74–76] ; however, most of the cited references report ...