This schematic of the planetary boundary layer (red line) shows exchanges of moisture and movement of aerosols that occur between the Earth's surface and this lowest level of the atmosphere.

In meteorology, the planetary boundary layer (PBL), also known as the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) or peplosphere, is the lowest part of the atmosphere and its behaviour is directly influenced by ...

Geological resources like metals are vital for renewable energy and storage technologies but require significant energy and ...

The study indicates that regional water availability limits both the current and future production of 32 geological resources ...

More information: Xiaowei Tan et al, Typhoon Kompasu (2118) simulation with planetary boundary layer and cloud physics parameterization improvements, Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (2025).

This includes droughts, flash droughts, flash floods, and pluvial periods, along with the evolution of the planetary boundary layer, surface-atmosphere exchange, urban-atmosphere interactions, and ...