Using the capital asset pricing model, the expected return is what an investor can expect to earn on an investment over the life of that investment.

The capital asset pricing model (CAPM), while criticized for its unrealistic assumptions, provides a more useful outcome than some other return models. Here is how CAPM works and its pros and cons.

The Bjerksund-Stensland model is a closed-form option pricing model used to calculate the price of an American option.

For example, Cofunds pricing model saw a low charge of 0.29 per cent introduced for sub-£100,000 clients. Under the bundled model the average assumed platform cost rebated was 0.25 per cent.

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Sweating tech assets can be a valuable tactic during difficult economic periods, but also has some downsides, says Johannes Groenewald, GM of Tarsus Distribution.

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