Using the capital asset pricing model, the expected return is what an investor can expect to earn on an investment over the life of that investment.

The Bjerksund-Stensland model is a closed-form option pricing model used to calculate the price of an American option.

The capital asset pricing model (CAPM), while criticized for its unrealistic assumptions, provides a more useful outcome than some other return models. Here is how CAPM works and its pros and cons.

For example, Cofunds pricing model saw a low charge of 0.29 per cent introduced for sub-£100,000 clients. Under the bundled model the average assumed platform cost rebated was 0.25 per cent.

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Sweating tech assets can be a valuable tactic during difficult economic periods, but also has some downsides, says Johannes Groenewald, GM of Tarsus Distribution.

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