The three-level DBMS architecture makes database design more secure, extensible and accessible for client applications. Learn the basics of how it works, with examples.

Instead, you should use ANSI SQL, which is a platform-independent database language. Whenprogramming for DBMS independence, not all systems fully support the ANSI SQL standard.

In a relational DBMS, you use a high-level language to operate on the data managed by the DBMS. In many cases, that language is SQL. A DBMS enables you, or an application program such as the SAS ...

Early this year, ISO published a new standard for database languages: ISO GQL. It’s a peer language to SQL and the first new ISO-approved database language since 1987 — when it first ratified SQL.

The following example updates data in an IMS database by using the FILE and INFILE statements in a DATA step. The statements generate calls to the database in the IMS native language, DL/I.