Cosimo de’ Medici, known as Cosimo the Elder (1389–1464), was the founder of the Medici dynasty and one of the most influential figures in the 15th-century Florence. A banker and statesman, Cosimo was ...

The Song Dynasty began in 960 CE, following several decades of political chaos in China. China was divided and in the midst of civil war, with each faction trying to recreate the Empire and take ...

What was the role and life of women in the Middle Ages within medieval society? Their existence varied according to age and social status, their place within the family, their role in the couple, ...

In the Middle Ages, the imaginary is an integral part of reality. The world of that time cannot be conceived otherwise. Within this panorama, both real and wonderful, plants play a major role in ...

The Celts are Indo-European peoples originating from the Danube Valley, who settled in much of Europe in antiquity. These tribes spoke the same language, with variations, and shared certain religious ...

Better known as Saint Louis, Louis IX was a king of France from the Capetian dynasty who reigned from 1226 to 1270. This sovereign is a legendary figure in the history of France and Christendom. A ...

The lesser evil, or the lesser of two evils, is an ethical principle that justifies choosing one evil in order to avoid a greater evil. The condition of the principle is that of a strictly binary ...

Xibalba (freely translated as “Place of Fear”) – the underworld in Mayan mythology, ruled by spirits of diseases and death. Traditionally, the entrance to Xibalba was located in a cave near Cobán in ...

Djoser was the first ancient Egyptian king (Pharaoh) of the 3rd Dynasty (Old Kingdom). He reigned from around 2720 to 2700 BCE, according to some estimates a few decades later in the 27th century BCE.

The Nemes is the most iconic headdress of the pharaohs, worn from the Old Kingdom to the Ptolemaic period. It is well-known to the public through numerous representations, notably the golden funerary ...

The Aubin Codex, or the 1576 manuscript, is a pictorial work that recounts the Spanish version of the history of the Mexica people, narrating their migration from Aztlán in the 12th century to the ...

Philip IV, known as “the Fair,” king of France from 1285 to 1314, earned his nickname due to his immense stature and the beauty of his impassive face. The French prelate Bernard Saisset described him ...