(It takes two bases to form a rung -- one for each side of the ladder.) A sugar molecule, a base, and a phosphate molecule group together to make up a nucleotide. Nucleotides are abundant in the ...

“Those that lack the molecule would mostly likely belong to the lineage that led to modern humans.” Ancient human ancestors were able to synthesize Neu5Gc for millions of years, but then lost this ...

How, then, can sugar — the central intermediate molecule in metabolism — be considered toxic? As I write this in the middle of winter, with temperatures frequently below freezing, trees stand ...

The sucrose molecule has many oxygen-hydrogen (O–H) bonds which are polar. The charge-density model shows the positive areas near the hydrogen atom as blue and the negative area near the oxygen atom ...

discovery of the sugar-phosphate backbone of the DNA molecule was still years away. The large number of molecular groups made available for binding by each nucleotide component meant that there ...

This happens through a reaction called glycation: when a sugar molecule bonds to a protein, without the controlling action of an enzyme. But scientists have lacked an understanding of the specific ...