the Taino people on both islands were interconnected through shared culture, trade, and alliances before the arrival of Europeans. Before colonization, the Taíno people on both islands, known as Quisqueya (present-day Dominican Republic) and Borikén (present-day Puerto Rico), shared language, rituals, and trade routes, and sometimes formed political alliances through marriage. This suggests a familial and political relationship existed between many caciques across both islands. The Puerto Rican